1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da sabon tsarin tattara makamashi wanda aka tsara don sarrafa na'urorin Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) ta hanyar tattara makamashin filin lantarki (E-field) na muhalli da ke fitowa daga fitilun fluorescent na al'ada. Babban sabon abu shine amfani da farantin tagulla mai sauƙi a matsayin mai haɗa ƙarfin ƙarfi, wanda aka sanya shi tsakanin kayan fitilar da rufin, don cire makamashin lantarki mai amfani ba tare da tsangwama da aikin hasken ba. Makamashin da aka tattara an yi niyya ne don ba da damar cibiyoyin sadarwar IoT marasa baturi don tantance muhalli da watsa bayanai.

Mahimman Bayanai

  • Yana mai da hankali kan filin lantarki mai yaduwa, mai ci gaba da kasancewa a kusa da fitilun fluorescent masu amfani da AC.
  • Yana ba da shawarar mai tattara makamashi mara tsangwama, mai tushen faranti wanda ya fi tsarin da aka yi a baya girma.
  • Yana samun yawan makamashi mai amfani (1.25J a cikin mintuna 25) wanda ya isa don ƙananan zagayowar aikin IoT.
  • Yana hasashen cibiyoyin sadarwar na'urori masu auna kai don sa ido kan yanayin gine-gine masu wayo.

2. Fasaha ta Tsakiya & Ka'ida

2.1 Tushen Tattara Makamashin Filin Lantarki (EFEH)

Duk wani abu mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki wanda aka ƙarfafa shi da ƙarfin lantarki mai canzawa (AC) yana fitar da filin lantarki mai canzawa lokaci-lokaci. Wannan filin E mai canzawa yana haifar da ɗigon ƙaura ($I_D$) a cikin wani abu mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki da ke kusa (farantin mai tattara makamashi). Ƙarfin ƙaura, wanda dokokin Maxwell ke gudanarwa, yana ba da damar canja wurin makamashi ta hanyar haɗin ƙarfin ƙarfi ba tare da hanyar ɗaukar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ba. Ana gyara AC ɗin da aka tattara sannan a adana shi a cikin capacitor ko supercapacitor.

2.2 Tsarin Mai Tattara Makamashi da aka Tsara

Tsarin da aka tsara yana gyara samfurin faranti na Layi na Fasaha. An saka farantin tagulla mai girman 50cm x 50cm tsakanin rufin da daidaitaccen fitilar fluorescent mai haske 4 (4x18W, 220V AC, 50Hz). Wannan faranti yana aiki azaman mai raba ƙarfin lantarki a cikin filin E, yana haifar da bambancin yuwuwar mahimmanci. Wannan ƙirar ba ta da girma, ba ta toshe haske, kuma tana sauƙaƙa kewayawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya.

Hoto na 1 (Zanen Ra'ayi): Yana nuna (a) daidaitaccen kayan aikin fitilar rufi na fluorescent da (b) saitin mai tattara makamashi da aka tsara. An nuna farantin tagulla yana saman fitilun. Ƙarfin ƙaura $I_D$ yana gudana zuwa cikin madaidaicin kewayawa da kewayawa, yana ba da ƙarfi ga kumburin na'urar auna tare da maɓalli don zagayowar aiki.

3. Aiwatar da Fasaha & Ƙirƙira Samfurin

3.1 Samfurin Daidaitaccen Kewayawa

An ƙirƙira saitin zahiri azaman hanyar sadarwa na ƙarfin ƙarfi na ɓatacce (duba Hoto na 2 a cikin PDF). Mahimman ƙarfin ƙarfi sun haɗa da:

  • $C_f$: Ƙarfin ƙarfi tsakanin fitilun fluorescent da farantin tattara makamashi.
  • $C_h$: Ƙarfin ƙarfi tsakanin farantin tattara makamashi da ƙasa (rufi/jikin kayan aikin ƙarfe).
  • $C_b$: Ƙarfin ƙarfi na parasitic tsakanin fitilun da ƙasa.

Farantin mai tattara makamashi da kewayawar da ke da alaƙa sun zama mai raba ƙarfin lantarki tare da waɗannan abubuwan ɓatacce. An samo ikon tattara makamashi na ka'idar daga wannan samfurin.

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Ƙarfin lantarki na buɗe kewayawa ($V_{oc}$) da aka haifar akan farantin mai tattara makamashi ana iya kusanta shi ta hanyar dabarar raba ƙarfin lantarki: $$V_{oc} \approx V_{AC} \cdot \frac{C_f}{C_f + C_h}$$ inda $V_{AC}$ shine ƙarfin lantarki na RMS na layin wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin da ake da shi a ka'idar ($P_{av}$) don mafi kyawun kaya ana bayar da shi ta: $$P_{av} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{(\omega C_f V_{AC})^2}{\omega (C_f + C_h)}$$ inda $\omega = 2\pi f$ shine mitar kusurwar tushen AC. A aikace, asarar a cikin madaidaicin kewayawa da cibiyar sadarwa suna rage yawan ikon da aka tattara.

4. Saitin Gwaji & Sakamako

4.1 Saitin Samfuri

Saitin gwaji ya yi amfani da daidaitaccen fitilar fluorescent na rufin ofis. An sanya farantin tagulla mai tattara makamashi mai girman 50x50cm a layi daya da kayan aikin. Kewayawar tattara makamashi ta ƙunshi cikakken gadar madaidaicin kewayawa, daidaita ƙarfin lantarki, da supercapacitor na 0.1F a matsayin abun adana. An auna tarin makamashi akan lokaci.

4.2 Aikin Tattara Makamashi

Taƙaitaccen Sakamakon Gwaji

Makamashin da aka Tattara: Kusan 1.25 Joules aka tara sama da mintuna 25 na ci gaba da aiki.

Matsakaicin Ƙarfi: Kusan 0.83 mW ($P = E / t = 1.25J / 1500s$).

Ajiya: Supercapacitor 0.1F.

Wannan yawan makamashi ya isa ya ba da ƙarfi ga microcontroller mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (misali, Texas Instruments MSP430 ko Arm Cortex-M0+) da rediyo mai ƙaramin aiki (misali, LoRa ko Bluetooth Low Energy) don ayyukan tantancewa da watsawa na lokaci-lokaci, yana tabbatar da ra'ayin don kumbukan IoT marasa baturi.

5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Hangar Mai Bincike: Zargi Mataki Hudu

Bayanin Tsakiya: Wannan ba wani takarda ne kawai na tattara makamashi ba; yana da dabara mai amfani da ke mai da hankali kan tushen makamashi mai yaduwa amma aka yi watsi da shi—filin E "ɓarna" daga kayan aikin haske. Marubutan sun gano daidai fitilun fluorescent, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci, a matsayin tushen filin E na dindindin, masu haɗin layin wutar lantarki, suna mai da su mafi aminci fiye da makamashin hasken rana ko motsi na lokaci-lokaci. Canji daga manyan layukan wutar lantarki (yankin EFEH na al'ada) zuwa ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na cikin gida babban mahimmin canji ne kuma mai hikima ta kasuwanci.

Kwararar Hankali: Hujjar tana da ƙarfi: 1) IoT yana buƙatar ikon dawwama, 2) Batura suna da matsalar toshewa, 3) Filayen muhalli suna da ban sha'awa amma ba a amfani da su sosai ba, 4) Fitilun fluorescent sune manufa masu kyau, 5) Tsarin da aka yi a baya (misali, na LT) suna da aibi, 6) Ga mu mafi kyau, mafi sauƙi ƙirar faranti, da 7) Yana aiki (tabbacin 1.25J). Gudun daga matsala zuwa mafita zuwa tabbaci yana bayyananne kuma yana jan hankali.

Ƙarfi & Aibi: Babban ƙarfi shine sauƙi da rashin tsangwama na mafita ta farantin tagulla. Ba ya buƙatar gyara kayan fitilar ko waya, babbar fa'ida don sake gyara gine-ginen da ke akwai. Fitowar 0.83mW, ko da yake ƙasa ce, tana cikin filin wasa don ƙananan guntu na IoT na zamani, kamar yadda dandamali kamar Arm Cordio RF stack ko karatun ilimi akan na'urori masu auna ƙasa da mW suka tabbatar. Duk da haka, aibi mai mutuwa shine dogaro da tushen sa akan fasahar fluorescent, wanda ake saurin kawar da shi a duniya don goyon bayan hasken LED. LEDs, musamman waɗanda aka tsara da kyau, suna haifar da ƙananan filayen E na 50/60Hz. Wannan yana barazana ga sanya fasahar ta zama tsohuwa kafin ta girma. Takardar kuma ta yi watsi da batutuwan aiwatar da aiki kamar kyawawan abubuwa da aminci na manyan faranti na ƙarfe kusa da rufin.

Bayanai masu Aiki: Ga masu bincike: Juya nan da nan zuwa tattara makamashi mai dacewa da LED. Bincika tattara makamashi daga manyan direbobin LED ko daga wayoyin AC mains da kansu, watakila ta amfani da masu canza wutar lantarki na toroidal. Ga masu haɓaka samfuri: Wannan ra'ayin yana da taga na gajeren zuwa matsakaici na dacewa a yankuna masu babban kayan aikin fluorescent da ke akwai (misali, tsofaffin gine-ginen ofis, ɗakunan ajiya). Mai tattara makamashi mai gauraye wanda ya haɗu da wannan hanyar filin E tare da ƙaramin tantanin hasken rana don awannan hasken rana zai iya samar da ƙarin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 24/7. Babban darasi shine ƙirƙirar masu tattara makamashi don kayan aikin gaba, ba na baya ba.

6. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

  • Gajeren Lokaci: Tura a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci da ke akwai tare da hasken fluorescent don sa ido kan HVAC, tantancewar zama, da bin diddigin ingancin iska na cikin gida.
  • Matsakaicin Lokaci: Haɗawa da tsarin sarrafa gine-gine (BMS) don cikakkiyar cibiyoyin sadarwar na'urori masu auna marasa waya, marasa kulawa.
  • Hanyar Bincike: Daidaita ƙa'idar don tattara daga filayen E a kusa da wayoyin wutar lantarki na AC a cikin bango da rufin, tushen gama gari fiye da takamaiman kayan aikin haske.
  • Juyin Halitta na Fasaha: Haɓaka masu tattara makamashi masu haɗakar tushe da yawa (E-field + haske + zafi) don tabbatar da ci gaba da makamashi yayin da fasahar haske ke canzawa da kuma ƙara yawan ikon da aka tattara don ƙarin na'urori masu auna ƙarfi.
  • Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki: Bincika kayan ɗaukar wutar lantarki masu sassauƙa, masu bugawa don ƙirƙirar "fatun" mai tattara makamashi mai tsaka-tsaki ko ɓoye maimakon faranti na tagulla masu tsauri.

7. Nassoshi

  1. Paradiso, J. A., & Starner, T. (2005). Tattara makamashi don wayar hannu da na'urorin lantarki marasa waya. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 4(1), 18-27.
  2. Moghe, R., et al. (2009). Nazarin iyaka na tattara makamashin filin lantarki da na'ura mai ƙarfe don ba da ƙarfi ga cibiyoyin sadarwar na'urori masu auna a aikace-aikacen layin wutar lantarki. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.
  3. Boisseau, S., et al. (2012). Na'urorin tattara makamashin girgiza na'ura mai ƙarfe don cibiyoyin sadarwar na'urori masu auna. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
  4. Linear Technology. (2014). Tattara Makamashi daga Fitilun Fluorescent ta amfani da LTC3588-1. Bayanan Aikace-aikace 152.
  5. Cetinkaya, O., & Akan, O. B. (2017). Tattara makamashin filin lantarki don cibiyoyin sadarwar na'urori masu auna. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine.
  6. Arm Holdings. (2023). Mafita masu ƙarancin ƙarfi don Intanet na Abubuwa. An samo daga https://www.arm.com.
  7. Zhu, J., et al. (2020). Fassarar Hoton-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Adawa na Zagaye-Daidaitacce. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). (An ambata a matsayin misali na ƙirƙira, warware matsalolin yanki daban-daban daidai da daidaita EFEH zuwa sababbin tushe).