1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da sabon tsarin tara makamashi wanda aka tsara don sarrafa na'urorin Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) ta hanyar tattara makamashin filin lantarki (E-field) na muhalli da ke fitowa daga kayan aikin fitila na al'ada. Babban kalubalen da aka magance shi ne ƙarancin wutar lantarki a cikin cibiyoyin IoT masu yawa, inda musanya ko kulawar baturi ba zai yiwu ba. Maganin da aka gabatar yana amfani da kasancewar fitilun fluorescent masu amfani da wutar lantarki AC a cikin muhallin kasuwanci da ofis, yana mai da tushen "gurɓatawar" lantarki na gama-gari zuwa tushen wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi ga na'urori masu auna ƙarancin wutar lantarki da kayan aikin sadarwa.

Binciken ya samo asali ne daga iyakokin dabarun tara makamashi na yanzu (hasken rana, zafi, girgiza) waɗanda zasu iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko dogaro da muhalli. Tarin filin lantarki, musamman daga kayan aikin haske masu kashewa koyaushe, yana ba da hanya mai ban sha'awa zuwa ga cibiyoyin IoT marasa baturi, marasa kulawa don ayyuka kamar sa ido kan muhalli, sarrafa gine-gine masu wayo, da kuma gyara na gaba.

2. Tarin Makamashi na Filin Lantarki (EFEH)

EFEH yana aiki bisa ka'idar haɗin ƙarfin lantarki. Duk wani abu mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki AC ta kunna yana fitar da filin lantarki mai canzawa lokaci-lokaci. Wannan filin mai canzawa yana haifar da wutar lantarki mai motsi ($I_D$) a cikin farantin mai tara makamashi na kusa. Makamashin da aka tara ya samo asali ne daga wannan wutar lantarki mai motsi, ba daga kwararar wutar lantarki ba, yana mai da shi hanyar tara makamashi mara tsangwama.

2.1. Ka'idar Aiki

Samfurin asali ya ƙunshi mai raba wutar lantarki na ƙarfin lantarki. Filin lantarki na muhalli tsakanin tushen AC (kayan aikin fitilar fluorescent) da ƙasa yana katsewa ta farantin jan ƙarfe mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki. Wannan farantin yana raba filin yadda ya kamata, yana haifar da bambancin yuwuwar. Ana iya ƙirƙira tsarin ta hanyar ƙarfin lantarki na ɓarna: $C_f$ (tsakanin kayan aiki da farantin mai tara) da $C_h$ (tsakanin farantin mai tara da ƙasa). Wutar lantarki da aka tara ($V_{harv}$) wani ɓangare ne na wutar lantarki mai tushe ($V_{AC}$), wanda aka ƙaddara ta wannan mai raba ƙarfin lantarki: $V_{harv} \approx V_{AC} \cdot \frac{C_f}{C_f + C_h}$.

2.2. Tsarin da aka Gabatar

Marubutan sun gabatar da takamaiman aiwatarwa ta amfani da farantin jan ƙarfe mai girman 50cm x 50cm da aka sanya tsakanin madaidaicin fitilar fluorescent mai haske 4 (4x18W, 220V AC, 50Hz) da rufin. Wannan ƙirar ta inganta aikin da aka yi a baya (misali, samfurin Linear Technology) ta hanyar nufin sauƙin aiwatarwa, ƙarancin rikitaccen da'ira, da ingantaccen aiki ba tare da toshe haske ba. Ana gyara siginar AC da aka tara, ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar da'ira mai daidaita wutar lantarki, kuma ana adana shi a cikin abu mai adanawa, kamar babban ƙarfin lantarki.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ƙarfin lantarki na ka'idar ($P_{harv}$) da za a iya samu daga tsarin EFEH yana ƙarƙashin ikon wutar lantarki mai motsi da ingantaccen ƙarfin shiga na da'irar tara. Ana iya bayyana wutar lantarki mai motsi kamar $I_D = \omega \cdot C_{eq} \cdot V_{AC}$, inda $\omega$ shine mitar kusurwa (2$\pi$f) kuma $C_{eq}$ shine daidaitaccen ƙarfin lantarki na haɗin gwiwa. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya tara zuwa cikin nauyin da ya dace ($R_L$) ana bayar da shi ta $P_{max} = \frac{(I_D)^2 \cdot R_L}{4}$ a ƙarƙashin yanayin daidaita ƙarfin shiga.

Takardar ta yi cikakken bayani game da da'irar daidai, wacce ta haɗa da ƙarfin lantarki na tushe, ƙarfin lantarki na farantin mai tara, ƙarfin lantarki na ɓarna, da da'irar mai gyara/nauyi. Mahimman sigogi na ƙira sune yanki na farantin (wanda ke ƙaddara $C_f$), nisa zuwa kayan aiki da ƙasa (wanda ke shafar $C_f$ da $C_h$), da mitar aiki na grid ɗin AC.

4. Saitin Gwaji & Sakamako

4.1. Tsarin Samfuri

An gina samfuri mai ƙarancin wutar lantarki kuma an gwada shi. Babban mai tara shi ne farantin jan ƙarfe 50x50 cm. Da'irar daidaita wutar lantarki ta haɗa da cikakken gadar mai gyara da abubuwan daidaita wutar lantarki. An adana makamashi a cikin babban ƙarfin lantarki na 0.1 Farad. An tura tsarin kusa da madaidaicin fitilar fluorescent da aka ɗora a rufi.

4.2. Ma'auni na Aiki

Taƙaitaccen Sakamakon Gwaji

  • Makamashin da aka Tara: Kimanin Joules 1.25
  • Lokacin Caji: Mintuna 25 (don babban ƙarfin lantarki na 0.1F)
  • Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Taro: ~0.83 mW (1.25 J / 1500 s)
  • Tushe: Fitilar Fluorescent 4x18W (220V AC, 50Hz)
  • Girman Mai Taro: Farantin jan ƙarfe 50 cm x 50 cm

Sakamakon ya nuna yuwuwar hanyar. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da aka tara (~0.83 mW) ya isa ya sarrafa tashoshin na'urori masu auna IoT masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki na lokaci-lokaci, kamar waɗanda suka dogara da ka'idojin Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) ko LoRaWAN, waɗanda zasu iya aiki a cikin ƙarancin mW zuwa dubunnan mW yayin fashewar watsawa mai aiki.

Bayanin Ginshiƙi (An fayyace): Ginshiƙi zai iya nuna wutar lantarki a kan babban ƙarfin lantarki na 0.1F yana tashi a tsawon lokacin caji na mintuna 25, yana farawa daga 0V kuma yana kusanci da matsakaicin wutar lantarki da aka ƙaddara ta ƙirar da'ira da ƙarfin filin tushe. Lankwasa zai zama sifa ta babban ƙarfin lantarki yana caji ta hanyar kusan tushen wutar lantarki mai dawwama (mai tara).

5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Tsarin don Kimanta Yuwuwar EFEH:

  1. Kimar Tushe: Gano abubuwan da aka yi niyya na amfani da wutar lantarki AC (wutar lantarki, mitar, dindindin).
  2. Ƙirar Haɗin kai: Ƙaddara tsarin farantin mai tara da sanyawa don haɓaka $C_f$ da ma'auni na $C_f/(C_f+C_h)$.
  3. Binciken Kasafin Wutar Lantarki: Tsara bayanin ƙarfin lantarki da aka tara (ci gaba da caji) zuwa tsarin aiki na na'urar IoT da aka yi niyya (samfurin na'urar auna, lissafi, watsa wayar tarho).
  4. Girman Ajiya: Lissafa ƙarfin ajiya da ake buƙata (babban ƙarfin lantarki/baturi) don haɗa gibin tsakanin tattara makamashi da fashewar amfani.

Misalin Lamari - Na'urar Auna Zafin Jiki/Danshi na Ofis:
Wata tashar na'urar auna IoT tana auna zafin jiki da danshi kowane mintuna 5, tana sarrafa bayanai, kuma tana watsa fakitin byte 50 ta hanyar BLE kowane mintuna 15.
Kasafin Wutar Lantarki: Wutar lantarki barci: 5 µA @ 3V. Aiki mai aiki na ji/lissafi: 5 mA na 100ms. Watsa BLE: 10 mA na 3ms.
Matsakaicin Amfani da Wutar Lantarki: ~15 µW.
Bincike: Tsarin EFEH da ke samar da ~830 µW yana ba da ƙarin makamashi >50x, yana ba da damar aiki mai ƙarfi da jurewa rashin inganci. Babban ƙarfin lantarki na 0.1F yana ba da isasshen ma'auni na makamashi.

6. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi

  • Cibiyoyin IoT na Gine-gine Masu Wayo: Na'urori masu auna da ke samun wutar lantarki har abada don sarrafa HVAC, gano mazauna, da sa ido kan haske da aka saka kai tsaye a cikin fale-falen rufi ko kayan aikin haske.
  • Sa ido kan Yanayin Masana'antu: Na'urori masu auna girgiza, zafin jiki, ko fitar da sauti masu sarrafa kansu akan injinan bene na masana'antu kusa da layukan AC masu ƙarfin wutar lantarki ko haske.
  • Kula da Kantuna & Kayayyakin Kayayyaki: Alamun gefen shimfidar marasa baturi ko na'urori masu sa ido kan muhalli a cikin shaguna masu haske har abada.
  • Hanyoyin Bincike:
    • Haɗa farantin mai tara cikin ƙirar kayan aikin haske da kanta don ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa da kyan gani.
    • Haɓaka ICs na sarrafa wutar lantarki masu faɗin shigarwa, masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki na musamman don EFEH mai ƙarfin nano.
    • Binciken tara daga wasu tushe na filin AC na gama gari kamar igiyoyin wutar lantarki, sandunan bas, ko allunan lantarki.
    • Tsarin gauraye da ke haɗa EFEH tare da wasu masu tara ƙananan abubuwa (misali, daga hasken LED) don ƙara ƙarfi.

7. Nassoshi

  1. Paradiso, J. A., & Starner, T. (2005). Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics. IEEE Pervasive Computing.
  2. Moghe, R., et al. (2009). A scoping study of electric field energy harvesting for powering wireless sensor nodes in power systems. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.
  3. Boisseau, S., & Despesse, G. (2012). Electric field energy harvesting. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
  4. Linear Technology. (2014). Energy Harvesting from Fluorescent Lights Using LTC3108. Application Note 132.
  5. Cetinkaya, O., & Akan, O. B. (2017). Electric-field energy harvesting in wireless networks. IEEE Wireless Communications.
  6. MIT Technology Review. (2023). The Next Frontier for the Internet of Things: No Batteries Required. An samo daga gidan yanar gizon MIT Tech Review.
  7. Zhu, J., et al. (2020). Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). (An ambata a matsayin misali na tunanin ƙirar ƙira a cikin injiniyanci).

8. Bincike na Asali & Sharhin Kwararru

Mahimmin Fahimta

Wannan takarda ba kawai game da tara microwatts ba ne; yana da ma'ana a cikin falsafar kayan aikin IoT. A zahiri marubutan suna ba da shawarar mayar da mafi girma, mafi dacewar makamashi na muhalli - filin lantarki na AC da ke kewaye da wayoyi da kayan aiki na gama gari - zuwa tushen wutar lantarki na tsarin jijiyoyinsa. Haɓaka na gaske shine sanin fitilun fluorescent ba kawai a matsayin tushen haske ba, amma a matsayin de facto, masu watsa wutar lantarki marasa niyya. Wannan yana canza tsarin ƙirar daga "ƙara tushen wutar lantarki don na'urori masu auna" zuwa "kayan aikin wutar lantarki na yanzu don zama masu auna kansu." Yana da motsi mai kama da tunani a cikin ayyuka kamar takardar CycleGAN, wanda ya sake amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu adawa don fassarar hoto mara haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar sake fayyace tsarin matsalar. A nan, an sake fayyace matsalar daga "yadda ake sarrafa na'urar auna" zuwa "yadda ake fassara makamashin da muhalli ya riga ya watsa."

Kwararar Ma'ana

Hujja tana da ban sha'awa kuma tana da tsari: (1) Dogaro da baturi shine ƙafar Achilles na IoT mai girma. (2) Tarin makamashin muhalli shine maganin, amma yawancin tushe ba su da tabbas. (3) Filin lantarki AC yana yaɗuwa kuma yana dawwama a cikin muhallin cikin gida. (4) Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya ya kasance mara kyau kuma ba shi da inganci. (5) Sabon abu namu: Tsarin farantin ƙarfin lantarki mai sauƙi wanda ba shi da tsangwama sosai kuma yana amfani da takamaiman tsarin hasken kasuwanci. Kwararar daga matsalar zuwa maganin yana da tsabta, kuma zaɓin fitilun fluorescent a matsayin abin da aka yi niyya yana da wayo - suna da ƙarfin wutar lantarki, an tura su da yawa, kuma galibi ana barin su don tsaro, yana mai da su cikakken "koyaushe a kunne" na wutar lantarki.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Kyawawan halaye da aiki na ƙirar sune mafi girman kadarorinsa. Yin amfani da madaidaicin farantin jan ƙarfe da mai da hankali kan haɗin kai tare da troffers na gama gari yana nuna hanyar da ta dace zuwa kasuwanci. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da aka samu ~0.83 mW yana da ma'ana a cikin mahallin rediyoyi masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki na zamani da na'urori masu auna aiki, kamar yadda dandamali daga kamfanoni kamar Everactive ko binciken ilimi daga cibiyoyi kamar UC Berkeley's BWRC suka tabbatar. Mayar da hankali kan babban ƙarfin lantarki don ajiya daidai ne, yana guje wa iyakokin zagayowar rayuwar baturi don yanayin caji.

Matsaloli Masu Muhimmanci: Giwa a cikin ɗaki shine yawan makamashi da tsarin siffa. Farantin 50cm x 50cm yana da girma ga tashar na'urar auna. Wannan ba maganin siffar guntu ba ne; yana da ma'auni na tile. Wannan yana iyakance yanayin turawa zuwa sabon gini ko manyan gyare-gyare inda za a iya ɓoye mai tara sama da rufin saukarwa. Na biyu, takardar tana shiru sosai akan tsaro da bin ka'idoji. Haɗin gwiwa da filayen AC na asali, ko da ƙarfin lantarki, yana tayar da tambayoyi game da keɓancewa, yanayin kuskure, da tsangwama na lantarki (EMI). Shin wannan tsarin zai wuce gwajin fitarwa na FCC/CE? Ba zai yiwu ba tare da tacewa mai mahimmanci. A ƙarshe, motsi zuwa hasken LED, wanda galibi yana amfani da masu tuƙi masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki, mitar mai girma, yana barazana ga babban zato na ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin mitar E-field. Ingantaccen mai tara tare da troffers na LED babbar tambaya ce da ba a amsa ba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki

Ga manajoji da shugabannin R&D, wannan binciken yana ba da umarni biyu masu haske:

  1. Bi Haɗin gwiwar Dabarun tare da Masu Kera Hasken Wuta: Nan gaba na wannan fasaha ba a matsayin ƙari ba ne, amma a matsayin fasalin da aka gina. Yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni kamar Signify, Acuity Brands, ko Zumtobel don haɗa ingantattun na'urorin lantarki na tara kai tsaye cikin chassis ɗin ƙarfe ko mai nuna haske na "mai shirye don IoT" na gaba. Wannan yana magance matsalar siffa da ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa lokaci guda.
  2. Rarraba Fayil ɗin Taro Nan da Nan: Kada ku yi fare akan E-field daga fitilun fluorescent. Yi amfani da wannan a matsayin tushe, tushen aiki na tara makamashi a cikin tsarin gauraye. Haɗa shi tare da ƙananan sel na hasken rana don wuraren da aka haskaka LED ko ofisoshi tare da tagogi, kuma tare da janareta na thermoelectric don kayan aiki kusa da bututun HVAC. Bincike daga aikin EnABLES na EU yana jaddada wajibcin tara makamashi mai yawa don ingantaccen aiki. Haɓaka IC ɗin sarrafa wutar lantarki ɗaya wanda zai iya yin sulhu tsakanin waɗannan tushe ba tare da matsala ba, kamar yadda SoCs na zamani ke sarrafa ƙwayoyin lissafi iri-iri.

A ƙarshe, wannan takarda ƙwararren aikin injiniya ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ya gano babban tafkin makamashi da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Duk da haka, nasarar kasuwancinsa ya dogara ne da motsawa daga hujjar ma'anar dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke haɗe da fasahar haske ta gado, zuwa haɗin kai, aminci, da maganin gauraye da aka tsara don ginin muhalli na gaba. Fahimta tana da ƙarfi; Dole ne aiwatarwa ya ci gaba.