Mai Kunna Wuta da ba a iya gani: Sarrafa Hasken da ya dace da Mutum daga Hotunan RGBD

1. Gabatarwa

Zanen hasken cikin gida yana da muhimmanci ga jin dadin mutum da kuma ingantaccen amfani da makamashi. Tsarin haske na gargajiya yakan yi aiki a cikakken ƙarfinsa ba tare da la'akari da kasancewar mutane ko bukatun mai amfani ba, wanda ke haifar da ɓarna mai yawa na makamashi. Bincike ya nuna cewa haske na iya cinye sama da kashi 15% na jimillar wutar lantarki na gini, inda ya kai kusan kashi 25% a lokutan kololuwa.

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da Mai Kunna Wuta da ba a iya gani (ILS), sabon tsarin da ke daidaita haske bisa ga kasancewar mutum da inda ya kalli. Ta hanyar rage hasken da ke wajen filin gani na mai amfani, ILS tana samun ceton makamashi mai yawa ba tare da rage matakin haske da mai zama yake ji ba, wanda ya sa ceton ya zama "ba a iya gani".

2. Hanyoyi & Tsarin Tsarin

Tsarin ILS yana sarrafa shigarwar RGBD (Ja-Kore-Shuɗi-Zurfi) don ƙirƙirar samfurin sarrafa haske mai motsi. An kwatanta tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin Hoto na 2 na takardar asali.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Hanyar radiosity tana warware daidaitawar rarraba haske a cikin wani yanayi. Babban ma'auni na radiosity don faci i shine:

$B_i = E_i + \rho_i \sum_{j=1}^{n} B_j F_{ji}$

Inda:

• $B_i$: Radiosity na faci i (jimillar hasken da ke barin facin).
• $E_i$: Emissivity na faci i (ba sifili ne ga masu fitar da haske).
• $\rho_i$: Reflectivity (albedo) na faci i.
• $F_{ji}$: Siffar siffa daga faci j zuwa faci i, wanda ke wakiltar rabon makamashi da ke barin j wanda ya isa i. Ana lissafta wannan ta hanyar lissafi daga samfurin yanayin.

ILS tana daidaita wannan samfurin. "Hasken da ake ji" $L_p$ don mutum a matsayi $\mathbf{p}$ tare da alkiblar kai $\mathbf{o}$ ana kimanta shi ta hanyar haɗa ƙimar radiosity $B_j$ na saman j a cikin frustum ɗin kallo $\mathcal{F}(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{o})$:

$L_p(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{o}) = \int_{j \in \mathcal{F}(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{o})} B_j \, V(\mathbf{p}, j) \, dA_j$

Inda $V(\mathbf{p}, j)$ aikin gani ne. Tsarin sai ya warware ƙarfin fitilu waɗanda ke kiyaye $L_p$ sama da bakin kwanciyar hankali yayin da yake rage jimillar makamashi $\sum_k I_k$ (ƙarfin fitila k).

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Tarin Bayanai

Marubutan sun tattara sabon tarin bayanai inda ma'aikatan ofis suka sanya na'urorin auna haske (luxmeter) a kan kawunansu don auna haske (Lux) a wurin da suke kallo, wanda ya zama ginshiƙi na gaskiya ga hasken da ake ji.

Bayanin Chati (Yana nufin Hoto 1 & 3): Hoto na 1 yana kwatanta dala na dabarun ceton makamashi, yana ba da fifiko ga amfani da hasken halitta, sarrafa gida, tsarin sarari, da ingantattun hanyoyin haske. Hoto na 3 a zahiri yana daidaita bukatun ɗan adam, gine-gine, da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi—uku ILS ke nufin ingantawa.

5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Ma'aikaci guda ɗaya a cikin babban ofis mai buɗe tsari mai fitilu 20 na rufi.

1. Shigarwa: Kyamarar RGBD ta gano mutum ɗaya a tebur A, yana fuskantar na'urar sa.
2. Bincike: An lissafta frustum ɗin kallo. Ya haɗa da fitilu 1-4 da ke sama da tebur A da bangon nan take.
3. Warware Radiosity: Samfurin ya ƙaddara cewa fitilu 5-20 ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga hasken da ke billa cikin frustum ɗin mai amfani ba.
4. Aiki: ILS ta rage fitilu 5-20 zuwa ƙarfin kashi 10%, yayin da ta ajiye fitilu 1-4 a kusan ƙarfin kashi 85% don rama hasken kai-tsaye da aka rasa.
5. Sakamako: Hasken da ma'aikacin yake ji ya tsaya a 1050 Lux (idan aka kwatanta da tushen 1200 Lux), yayin da amfani da makamashi ya ragu da kusan kashi 70% don da'irar haske.

Wannan lamarin yana nuna babban ka'ida: ingantawa don na'urar gani ta ɗan adam (idanu) maimakon na'urar gani ta ɗaki (mitar lux da aka ɗora a bango).

6. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

• Gine-gine masu hikima & Haɗin IoT: Ana iya haɗa ILS tare da Tsarin Gudanar da Gine-gine (BMS) da hanyoyin sadarwar IoT don gudanar da makamashi gabaɗaya, daidaitawa da ma'auni kamar Project Haystack da Brick Schema.
• Haɗin Na'urori masu auna abubuwa mai zurfi: Tsarin nan gaba zai iya haɗa na'urori masu auna abubuwa da ake sawa (kamar luxmeters da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tarin bayanai) don amsa na sirri na ainihin lokaci, ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa madauki.
• Tasirin Hasken da ba na Gani ba: Faɗaɗa samfurin don sarrafa hasken circadian, yin tasiri kan hana melatonin ta hanyar melanopic illuminance, kamar yadda Binciken Ma'auni na Gine-gine masu Kyau ya bincika.
• Haɓaka Koyon Injina: Maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarfin warware radiosity tare da samfurin koyo mai zurfi (misali, mai yin hoto na jijiya) zai iya inganta sauri da daidaitawa ga yanayin motsi, kama da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin NeRF (Filin Haske na Jijiya).
• Girma & Sirri: Haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su da cibiyoyi, masu kiyaye sirri waɗanda ke amfani da sarrafa gefe don gano mutum ba tare da adana bayanan bidiyo da za a iya gane su ba.

7. Nassoshi

1. Tsesmelis, T., Hasan, I., Cristani, M., Del Bue, A., & Galasso, F. (2019). Human-centric light sensing and estimation from RGBD images: The invisible light switch. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.10772.
2. International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD). (2018). Lighting Design Guidelines.
3. Kralikova, R., & Zhou, J. (2017). Energy consumption analysis for lighting in office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 154, 561-568.
4. Mildenhall, B., et al. (2020). NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis. ECCV.
5. Well Building Standard. (2022). Light Concept v2. International WELL Building Institute.

8. Binciken Kwararru & Zargi

Babban Fahimta: Takardar ILS fasaha ce mai wayo akan matsalar gargajiya. Ba ta ƙirƙiri sabbin algorithms na hangen nesa ko zane ba amma ta sake tsara tsohuwar hanyar radiosity shekaru da yawa zuwa tsarin sarrafa mutum a cikin madauki. Ainihin ƙirƙira ita ce canjin manufar ingantawa: daga daidaitaccen hasken ɗaki zuwa fahimtar haske na sirri, mai dogaro da kallo. Wannan misali ne na gargajiya na aikace-aikacen "AI mai mayar da hankali kan ɗan adam" wanda ke magance ciniki na makamashi-da-dadi kai tsaye.

Kwararren Tsari: Hankali yana da inganci: 1) Zana taswirar yanayin, 2) Nemo mutanen da inda suke kallo, 3) Amfani da kimiyyar lissafi (radiosity) don yin samfurin waɗanne fitilu ke shafar kallonsu, 4) Rage sauran. Tsarin da ke cikin Hoto na 2 yana da sauƙi. Duk da haka, takardar ta yi watsi da manyan ƙalubalen injiniyanci: ingantaccen kimanta yanayin kai na ainihin lokaci a cikin saitunan ofis daban-daban, ingantaccen kimanta kaddarorin kayan daga RGBD, da farashin lissafi na warware ko da tsarin radiosity mai kauri a hankali.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Hanyar gwaji tare da tarin bayanai na luxmeter na musamman babban ƙarfi ne—ta motsa sama da kwaikwayo. Rahoton ceton makamashi na kusan ~66% yana da ban sha'awa kuma ya yi daidai da ɓarna a cikin manyan ofisoshi masu yalwa. Ra'ayin yana da sauƙi ga mai amfani na ƙarshe (ceton "ba a iya gani").
Kurakurai: Giwa a cikin ɗaki shine karin nauyin tsarin na 1,560-watt. Don tsarin da ke ceton kusan ~12,000 watt-hours/rana, wannan karin nauyin yana cinye babban rabo na ceton. Tattalin arziki yana aiki ne kawai a cikin manyan wurare. Dogaro da kyamara RGBD guda ɗaya, ta tsakiya, mummunan abu ne na sirri da ƙarfi. Menene zai faru tare da rufewa, mutane da yawa, ko wani yana aiki akan kujera? Samfurin radiosity yana ɗaukan saman watsewa—babban sauƙaƙe wanda ke rushewa tare da allon haske ko tagogi.

Fahimta mai Aiki: Ga masu aiki, wannan binciken shaidar ra'ayi ne, ba samfurin toshe-ka-kunna ba. Babban abin da za a ɗauka shine ka'idar ƙira: ingantawa don filin gani na ɗan adam. Dabarar da za a iya aiwatar da ita nan gaba, za a iya aiwatar da ita, ta iya zama sigar sauƙaƙa ta amfani da masu auna motsi PIR/arha da kasancewar tebur don aiwatar da raguwa mai kauri bisa yanki, wanda aka yi wahayi daga hankalin ILS. Ga masu bincike, makomar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin samfuran gauraye: yi amfani da cibiyar sadarwar jijiya mai sauƙi (wanda aka yi wahayi daga saurin ci gaba a cikin wakilcin yanayi kamar NeRF) don kimanta aikin radiosity a ainihin lokaci, kuma a haɗa shi tare da radar mmWave mai rarraba, mai mutunta sirri, don gano kasancewa da yanayi, kamar yadda Laboratory na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da AI na MIT (CSAIL) ya bincika don auna cikin gida. Ra'ayin ILS tushe ne mai ƙarfi, amma tasirinsa na zahiri ya dogara ne akan warware matsalolin farashi, sirri, da ingancin lissafi.