Watsa Bayanai Mai Tsaro Tare da Taimakon Relay don Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani: Nazari da Tsari

1. Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki & Nazari

1.1. Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

• 2. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
• 3. Samfurin Tsarin & Tsara Matsala
• 3.1. Samfurin Tashar & Zato
• 3.2. Takurawar Girma & Siginar
• 4. Tsare-tsaren Relay da Aka Gabatar
• 4.1. Haɗin Gwiwar Gina Ruɗani (CJ)
• 4.2. Fassara-da-Aikawa (DF)
• 4.3. Ƙarfafa-da-Aikawa (AF)
• 4.4. Ƙirar Beamforming Mai Tsaro
• 5. Yankunan Ƙimar Sirri da Aka Samu
• 6. Sakamakon Gwaji & Kimanta Aiki
• 7. Muhimman Bayanai & Taƙaitawa
• 8. Nazari na Asali: Babban Fahimta & Zargi
• 9. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
• 10. Tsarin Nazari: Misalin Nazarin Harka
• 11. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
• 12. Nassoshi

2. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan aikin yana magance babbar ƙalubalen tabbatar da tsaron watsa shirye-shirye a cikin tsarin Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani (VLC). VLC, ta amfani da fitilun LED don watsa bayanai, wata mafita mai ban sha'awa ce don hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauri na cikin gida amma a zahiri tana fama da yanayin watsa shirye-shirye, wanda ke sa ta zama mai rauni ga sauraron asiri. Takardar ta gabatar da wani sabon tsari ta amfani da maɓuɓɓukan relay masu aminci da yawa, masu haɗin gwiwa na rabin-duplex don haɓaka tsaron Layer na Jiki a kan mai sauraron asiri na waje a cikin saitin watsa shirye-shirye na shigar-guda-fitar-guda (SISO) tare da masu amfani biyu na halal.

Babban ƙirƙira ya ta'allaka ne a haɗa manyan dabarun relay guda uku na gargajiya—Haɗin Gwiwar Gina Ruɗani (CJ), Fassara-da-Aikawa (DF), da Ƙarfafa-da-Aikawa (AF)—tare da ƙirar beamforming mai tsaro da aka tsara a hankali a cikin relay. Duk watsa shirye-shirye suna ƙarƙashin takurawar girma don mutunta kewayon motsi na LED, ta amfani da ɓoyayyen lambobi tare da siginar guda ɗaya. Nazarin ya samo yankunan ƙimar sirri da za a iya samu kuma ya nuna fifikon tsare-tsaren da ke taimakon relay akan watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye, tare da aiki mai dogaro sosai akan wurin mai sauraron asiri, adadin relay, da tsarin gine-ginen hanyar sadarwa.

3. Samfurin Tsarin & Tsara Matsala

3.1. Samfurin Tashar & Zato

Tsarin ya ƙunshi mai watsa fitila (Tx), masu karɓa biyu na halal (R₁, R₂), mai sauraron asiri na waje (Eve), da N maɓuɓɓukan relay masu aminci. Duk maɓuɓɓuka suna sanye da kayan haske guda ɗaya (LEDs da yawa) ko na'urori guda ɗaya na gano hoto, wanda ya sa ya zama tsarin SISO a kowane hanyar haɗi. An ƙirƙira tashar VLC yana la'akari da duka abubuwan layin gani (LoS) da na watsawa. Relay suna aiki a yanayin rabin-duplex. Babban zato shine sanin bayanan yanayin tashar (CSI) na duk hanyoyin haɗi da suka haɗa da maɓuɓɓuka na halal; tashar mai sauraron asiri na iya zama an san ta wani ɓangare ko ba a sani ba, wanda ke shafar ƙirar beamforming.

3.2. Takurawar Girma & Siginar

Ana takura siginonin da aka watsa, watau $X \in [-A, A]$, don tabbatar da cewa LEDs suna aiki a cikin kewayon motsi na layi kuma don cika buƙatun haskakawa. Rarraba shigarwa yana daidaitacce a kan wannan tazara don ɓoyayyen lambobi. Ƙimar sirri don mai amfani $k$ a kan mai sauraron asiri an ayyana ta kamar $R_{s,k} = [I(X; Y_k) - I(X; Z)]^+$, inda $I(\cdot;\cdot)$ ke nufin bayanan haɗin kai, $Y_k$ shine siginar a mai karɓa na halal $k$, kuma $Z$ shine siginar a wurin mai sauraron asiri. Manufar ita ce siffanta yankin $(R_{s,1}, R_{s,2})$ da za a iya samu lokaci guda.

4. Tsare-tsaren Relay da Aka Gabatar

4.1. Haɗin Gwiwar Gina Ruɗani (CJ)

Relay suna watsa amo na wucin gadi (siginonin gina ruɗani) waɗanda aka tsara don lalata tashar mai sauraron asiri yayin da suke haifar da ƙaramin tsangwama ga masu karɓa na halal. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar beamforming mai tuƙi mara amfani inda ake tsara siginar gina ruɗani zuwa sararin mara amfani na tashoshin halal ko ta hanyar inganta ƙwayoyin beamforming don haɓaka ƙimar sirri.

4.2. Fassara-da-Aikawa (DF)

Relay suna fassara saƙon tushe kuma suna sake ɓoyewa kafin su aika. Wannan tsari yana buƙatar hanyar haɗin relay-zuwa-mai-sauraron-asiri ta zama mai rauni fiye da hanyoyin haɗin relay-zuwa-mai-amfani na halal don hana ɓarkewar bayanai. Ana samun sirri ta hanyar amfani da ikon relay na sarrafa tsarin siginar da aka aika.

4.3. Ƙarfafa-da-Aikawa (AF)

Relay kawai suna ƙarfafa kuma suna aika siginar da aka karɓa ba tare da fassara ba. Duk da yake mai sauƙi, shima yana ƙarfafa amo. Beamforming mai tsaro yana da mahimmanci a nan don auna siginar da aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar da ta fi amfanar masu karɓa na halal fiye da mai sauraron asiri.

4.4. Ƙirar Beamforming Mai Tsaro

Ga duk tsare-tsare, ana ƙirƙira ƙwayoyin beamforming $\mathbf{w}_i$ a relay $i$ don magance matsalolin inganta kamar haka: $\max_{\mathbf{w}} \min_{k} (\text{SNR}_{R_k}) - \text{SNR}_{Eve}$ bisa ga $||\mathbf{w}|| \leq P_{relay}$ da takurawar girma. Wannan hanyar max-min na gaskiya tana nufin haɓaka mafi munin hanyar haɗi na halal yayin da take danne na mai sauraron asiri.

5. Yankunan ƙimar Sirri da Aka Samu

Takardar ta samo iyakoki na ciki (yankuna masu yiwuwa) don yankin iyakar sirri a ƙarƙashin takurawar girma ga kowane tsari. Ga DF, yankin ya dogara ne akan tashar watsa shirye-shirye tare da saƙonnin sirri da relay mai haɗin gwiwa. Ga CJ da AF, yankunan sun haɗa da maganganu masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa sharuɗɗan bayanan haɗin kai daga watsa shirye-shirye da matakan samun dama da yawa na aikin relay. Wani babban binciken shine cewa waɗannan yankuna sun fi girma sosai fiye da yankin don watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye, wanda ke tabbatar da ƙimar relay.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji & Kimanta Aiki

An kimanta aikin ta hanyar simintin lambobi na yankunan ƙimar sirri da aka samo. Muhimman abubuwan lura da aka gabatar (wanda aka ƙaddara daga taƙaitaccen bayani da gabatarwa):

• Fifiko akan Watsa Shirye-shirye Kai Tsaye: Duk tsare-tsaren da ke taimakon relay tare da beamforming mai tsaro sun fi watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye, suna faɗaɗa yankin ƙimar sirri da za a iya samu sosai.
• Dogaro da Tsari: Babu wani tsari guda ɗaya da ya mamaye ko'ina. Mafi kyawun tsari ya dogara da:
  • Wurin Mai Sauraron Asiri: CJ yana da tasiri sosai lokacin da Eve yake kusa da relay amma yana nesa da masu amfani na halal. DF/AF na iya zama mafi kyau lokacin da Eve yake kusa da tushe.
  • Adadin Relay (N): Aiki yana inganta tare da ƙarin relay saboda ƙarin matakan 'yanci don beamforming.
  • Tsarin Gine-gine: Rarraba sararin samaniya na relay dangane da Tx, masu amfani, da Eve yana tasiri sosai akan ribar beamforming da ikon sarrafa tsangwama.
• Musanya: CJ na iya sadaukar da wasu ƙarfi don gina ruɗani, wanda zai iya rage ƙimar masu amfani na halal. DF yana buƙatar nasarar fassara a relay, yana sanya takurawar ƙima akan tsallen farko. AF yana da sauƙi amma yana fama da ƙarfafa amo.

7. Muhimman Bayanai & Taƙaitawa

• Relay a matsayin Masu Haɓaka Tsaro: Maɓuɓɓukan relay masu aminci masu haɗin gwiwa kayan aiki ne masu ƙarfi don tsaron Layer na Jiki na VLC, suna aiki a matsayin masu tsangwama ko masu haɓaka siginar.
• Beamforming Yana Da Muhimmanci: Relay mai sauƙi bai isa ba; ƙirar beamforming mai hankali tana da mahimmanci don jagorantar siginar cikin amfani.
• Zaɓin Tsari Mai Sanin Yanayi: Mafi kyawun dabarar relay tana da takamaiman yanayi sosai, tana buƙatar zaɓi mai daidaitawa bisa tsarin gine-ginen hanyar sadarwa da samfurin barazana.
• Takurawar Aiki Sune Tsakiya: Takurawar girma ba ƙaramin bayani ba ce amma wani tushe na dabarar siginar da iyakokin aiki.

8. Nazari na Asali: Babban Fahimta & Zargi

Babban Fahimta: Babban gudummawar wannan takarda ba kawai amfani da relay da aka samo daga RF zuwa VLC ba ne, amma sake tsara duka matsalar tsaron Layer na Jiki a ƙarƙashin takurawar girma na musamman, maras raguwa na VLC. Ya wuce kallon VLC a matsayin "RF tare da fitilu". Aikin ya gano daidai cewa mafi kyawun dabarar tsaro ita ce haɗin gwiwar ƙarfafa siginar da tsangwama da aka yi niyya, wanda gungun maɓuɓɓukan relay masu sauƙi ke shiga tsakani. Wannan ya yi daidai da wani babban yanayi a cikin tsaron hanyar sadarwa yana canzawa daga ɓoyayyen lambobi guda ɗaya zuwa tsarin aminci na Layer na Jiki da aka rarraba, kamar yadda aka gani a bincike kan haɗin gwiwar gina ruɗani don RF ta Bloch et al. [Tushe da Trends a cikin Sadarwa da Ka'idar Bayanai, 2008].

Kwararar Ma'ana: Ma'ana tana da inganci: 1) Ayyana samfurin tashar VLC na musamman da aka takura, 2) Daidaita ƙa'idodin relay guda uku na al'ada (CJ, DF, AF), 3) Haɗa beamforming don amfani da matakan 'yanci na sararin samaniya, 4) Samo yankunan ƙimar da za a iya samu a matsayin ma'aunin aiki, 5) Tabbatarwa ta hanyar simintin gwaji wanda ke nuna fifikon dogaro da gine-gine. Kwararar daga ma'anar matsala zuwa mafita da tabbatarwa na al'ada ce kuma tana da tasiri.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine la'akari da cikakken takurawar aiki (iyakar girma, relay na rabin-duplex) tare da tsaron ka'idar bayanai. Tsarin kwatanta tsakanin tsare-tsare da yawa yana da ƙima. Duk da haka, nazarin yana da manyan kurakurai. Na farko, ya dogara sosai akan zaton relay masu aminci—wani babban cikas na turawa. Na biyu, zaton CSI don tashar mai sauraron asiri sau da yawa ba gaskiya bane; ƙira mai ƙarfi ya kamata ya yi la'akari da mafi munin yanayi ko ƙididdiga na CSI, kamar yadda aka bincika a cikin wallafe-wallafen beamforming masu ƙarfi (misali, aikin Lorenz et al. a cikin IEEE TSP). Na uku, kimantawa da alama yawanci lambobi ne; lalacewar tashar VLC na zahiri kamar watsawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, motsi, da amo na hasken yanayi ba a haɗa su sosai cikin samun ƙimar sirri ba, wanda zai iya ƙara fa'idodi.

Bayanai Masu Aiki: Ga masu aiki, wannan takarda tana ba da cikakken tsari: Turawa cikakken hanyar sadarwa na ƙananan farashi, maɓuɓɓukan relay masu aminci hanya ce mai yuwuwa don tsaron VLC. Mahimmin abu shine software mai hankali, mai daidaitawa wanda zai iya: 1) Ƙididdige wuraren maɓuɓɓuka (ta hanyoyi kamar sanya wuri ta haske mai gani), 2) Zaɓi mafi kyawun tsarin relay (CJ/DF/AF) a cikin ainihin lokaci bisa ga wurin barazanar da aka ƙiyasta, da 3) Lissafa madaidaicin ƙwayoyin beamforming masu tsaro. Wannan yana nuni zuwa ga makomar "hanyoyin sadarwar VLC masu tsaro na fahimi". Masu bincike ya kamata su mai da hankali kan sassauta zaton relay masu aminci da cikakken CSI, watakila ta amfani da hanyoyin aminci na tushen blockchain don relay ko haɓaka dabarun amo na wucin gadi waɗanda ke da tasiri a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas na tashar, wanda aka yi wahayi ta aikin RF kamar amfani da saurin faɗuwar wucin gadi.

9. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babbar matsalar lissafi ta haɗa da haɓaka yankin ƙimar sirri a ƙarƙashin takurawar girma $X \in [-A, A]$. Ga hanyar haɗi ta baya-zuwa-baya tare da mai sauraron asiri, iyakar sirri $C_s$ a ƙarƙashin irin wannan takura ba a san ta a cikin sigar rufewa ba amma ana iya ƙayyade ta ƙasa. Tare da rarraba shigarwa guda ɗaya, bayanan haɗin kai shine $I_{unif}(A; h, \sigma^2)$ inda $h$ ke nufin ribar tashar kuma $\sigma^2$ shine bambance-bambancen amo.

Ga tsarin CJ tare da relay guda ɗaya, siginar da aka watsa a relay shine siginar gina ruɗani $J$. Siginonin da aka karɓa sune: $Y_k = h_{t,k}X + h_{r,k}J + n_k$, $Z = h_{t,e}X + h_{r,e}J + n_e$. Ƙirar beamforming don $J$ tana nufin sanya $|h_{r,e}|$ ya zama babba yayin da ake kiyaye $|h_{r,k}|$ ƙanana, wanda aka tsara kamar haka: $\max_{J} \ \min_{k} I(X; Y_k|J) - I(X; Z|J)$ bisa ga $E[J^2] \leq P_J$ da $J \in [-A_J, A_J]$.

Yankin da za a iya samu don tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta relay DF ya ginu akan aikin Liang et al. akan tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye tare da saƙonnin sirri, wanda ya haɗa da saƙon da aka fassara na relay da takurawar girma.

10. Tsarin Nazari: Misalin Nazarin Harka

Yanayi: Ofis mai girman 10m x 10m. Tx yana tsakiya a saman rufin. Masu amfani biyu na halal (U1, U2) suna kan teburori (ma'auni (2,2) da (8,8)). Ana zargin mai sauraron asiri ɗaya kusa da taga a (10,5). An shigar da fitilun relay huɗu a kusurwoyin rufin.

Matakan Nazari: 1. Ƙididdigar Tashar: Yi amfani da samfurin tashar VLC (misali, samfurin Lambertian) don ƙididdige ribar DC $h$ don duk hanyoyin haɗin Tx/Relay-zuwa-Mai amfani/Eve. 2. Ƙimar Barazana: Lissafa yuwuwar ƙimar sauraron asiri don watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye: $R_{eve,dir} = I(X; Z_{dir})$. 3. Simintin Tsari: - CJ: Ƙirƙira ƙwayoyin beamforming don relay huɗu don ƙirƙirar tsarin gina ruɗani wanda yake da ƙarfi a wurin Eve ((10,5)) amma yana da nulls/ƙananan a wuraren U1 da U2. Magance ingantaccen da ya dace don $\mathbf{w}$. - DF/AF: Kimanta idan hanyoyin haɗin relay-Eve sun fi rauni fiye da hanyoyin haɗin relay-mai amfani. Idan a'a, DF/AF na iya zama mai yiwuwa. 4. Kwatanta Aiki: Lissafa nau'ikan ƙimar sirri da za a iya samu $(R_{s,1}, R_{s,2})$ don watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye, CJ, DF, da AF a ƙarƙashin jimlar kasafin ƙarfi. 5. Zaɓi: Zana yankunan ƙimar sirri. A cikin wannan gine-gine, Eve yana kusa da gefen ɗaki, mai yiwuwa yana nesa da Tx na tsakiya amma yana iya kasancewa cikin kewayon relay na kusurwa. CJ mai yiwuwa ne ya ci nasara kamar yadda relay zasu iya yin gina ruɗani yadda ya kamata ga Eve ba tare da cutar da masu amfani na halal da ke tsakiya ba. Mafita mafi kyawun beamforming zai iya jagorantar ƙarfin gina ruɗani zuwa yankin taga.

11. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

• Hanyoyin Sadarwa na VLC/RF masu Tsaro: Amfani da hanyoyin haɗin RF (misali, Wi-Fi) a matsayin filin sarrafawa mai tsaro don sarrafa aminci da haɗin kai tsakanin relay na VLC, ko amfani da VLC don bayanai masu sauri da RF don gina ruɗani.
• Koyon Injina don Tsaro Mai Daidaitawa: Amfani da ƙarfafa koyo don barin hanyar sadarwa ta koyi mafi kyawun tsarin relay da tsarin beamforming a cikin yanayi mai canzawa inda wurin mai amfani da mai sauraron asiri ke canzawa.
• Haɗawa tare da Li-Fi da 6G: Yayin da Li-Fi ke nufin daidaitawa kuma 6G ke binciken sadarwar waya ta gani, waɗannan ƙa'idodin relay masu tsaro na iya zama wani ɓangare na tarin tsaron Layer na hanyar haɗi don hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa na cikin gida.
• Tsaron Layer na Jiki don IoT: Tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na na'urori masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki na IoT a cikin gine-gine masu wayo ta amfani da VLC, inda ɓoyayyen lambobi na al'ada na iya zama mai nauyi. Relay na iya samar da tsaron matakin rukuni.
• Tsaron Taimakon Sanya Wuri ta Haske Mai Gani (VLP): Amfani da wannan kayan aiki don ayyukan sanya wuri mai daidaito don gano yankunan mai sauraron asiri da za a iya samu daidai kuma a yi amfani da gina ruɗani da aka yi niyya.

12. Nassoshi

1. A. Arafa, E. Panayirci, da H. V. Poor, "Relay-Aided Secure Broadcasting for Visible Light Communications," arXiv:1809.03479v2 [cs.IT], Jan. 2019.
2. M. Bloch, J. Barros, M. R. D. Rodrigues, da S. W. McLaughlin, "Wireless Information-Theoretic Security," Foundations and Trends® in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 4, no. 4–5, pp. 265–515, 2008.
3. L. Yin da W. O. Popoola, "Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®," CRC Press, 2019. (Don samfuran tashar VLC)
4. Z. Ding, M. Peng, da H. V. Poor, "Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 5G Systems," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1462–1465, Ago. 2015. (Don ra'ayoyin relay na zamani)
5. Y. S. Shiu, S. Y. Chang, H. C. Wu, S. C. Huang, da H. H. Chen, "Physical layer security in wireless networks: a tutorial," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 66-74, Afrilu 2011.
6. PureLiFi. "Menene LiFi?" [Kan layi]. Ana samuwa: https://purelifi.com/what-is-lifi/
7. Ma'auni na IEEE don Gidajen Rediyo da na Birane–Sashi na 15.7: Sadarwar Wayar Haske ta Gajeren Zango ta Amfani da Haske Mai Gani, IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018, 2018.